Introduction

Welcome to the United Kingdom, a country rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Whether you’re a seasoned traveler or a first-time backpacker, exploring the UK will undoubtedly be an unforgettable experience. From the bustling streets of London to the rugged Scottish Highlands, this diverse nation offers a multitude of attractions for every type of adventurer.

Backpacking in the UK allows you to immerse yourself in the local culture, discover hidden gems, and create memories that will last a lifetime. From exploring ancient castles to hiking picturesque trails, there’s something for everyone in this captivating country.

The UK is made up of four distinct countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Each of these regions has its own unique charm, traditions, and attractions. Whether you’re drawn to the historic landmarks of England, the breathtaking landscapes of Scotland, or the enchanting Welsh countryside, you’re sure to find something that piques your interest.

Throughout this comprehensive travel guide, we’ll provide you with all the information you need to make the most of your backpacking adventure in the UK. We’ll cover everything from visa requirements and budgeting tips to transportation options and the best places to visit.

So, strap on your backpack, put on your walking shoes, and get ready to embark on an incredible journey through the United Kingdom. Let’s dive in and discover the wonders that await you!

 

Getting Ready for Backpacking UK

Before you set off on your backpacking adventure in the UK, it’s important to make some preparations to ensure a smooth and enjoyable trip. Here are a few things to consider:

• Research and plan your itinerary: The UK offers a wide range of attractions and activities. Research the places you want to visit and create a flexible itinerary that suits your interests and timeline.
• Pack appropriately: The weather in the UK can be unpredictable, so pack layers and waterproof clothing. Don’t forget essentials like a sturdy backpack, comfortable walking shoes, and a travel adapter.
• Get travel insurance: It’s always wise to have travel insurance that covers medical expenses, trip cancellations, and lost baggage. Make sure to choose a policy that suits your needs.
• Stay connected: Consider getting a local SIM card or using international roaming to stay connected during your trip. This will allow you to access maps, make reservations, and stay in touch with loved ones.
• Learn basic phrases: While English is widely spoken in the UK, learning a few basic phrases of the local dialect can be helpful and show respect for the culture.

Additionally, it’s a good idea to familiarize yourself with the local customs and etiquette in the UK. Brits tend to value politeness and queueing, so be mindful of these cultural norms during your travels.

By preparing for your backpacking adventure in the UK, you’ll be better equipped to navigate the country, make the most of your experiences, and ensure a memorable trip. So, get ready to embark on an incredible journey through this fascinating and beautiful nation!

 

Best Time to Visit UK

The United Kingdom experiences a temperate maritime climate, characterized by mild winters and cool summers. The weather can vary greatly from region to region, so the best time to visit the UK largely depends on your preferences and the activities you plan to do. Here are some considerations to help you choose the optimal time for your backpacking adventure:

• Spring (March – May): Spring in the UK brings milder temperatures and the blooming of colorful flowers. It’s a great time to explore the countryside, visit historic gardens, and enjoy outdoor activities.
• Summer (June – August): Summer is the peak tourist season in the UK, with longer days and generally pleasant weather. This is the perfect time to visit popular attractions, enjoy outdoor festivals, and soak up the vibrant atmosphere.
• Autumn (September – November): Autumn in the UK showcases stunning displays of fall foliage. It’s a quieter time to visit, with mild temperatures and opportunities for seasonal activities like apple picking and attending harvest festivals.
• Winter (December – February): Winter in the UK can be cold and damp, but it also brings the charm of festive decorations and Christmas markets. If you don’t mind the colder weather, you can enjoy lower crowds and discounted accommodations during this time.

It’s important to note that the weather in the UK can be unpredictable at times, so it’s recommended to pack layers and be prepared for sudden changes. Regardless of the season, be sure to check local events and festivals happening during your visit, as they can add a unique cultural flavor to your backpacking experience.

Keep in mind that the peak tourist season in the UK generally coincides with school holidays and major events, which may result in higher prices and larger crowds. If you prefer quieter periods with more affordable prices, consider visiting during the shoulder seasons (spring and autumn).

Ultimately, the best time to visit the UK depends on your personal preferences for weather, activities, and crowd levels. With its year-round charm and diverse offerings, the UK is sure to captivate you whenever you choose to visit.

 

Visa Requirements for Backpacking UK

Before backpacking in the UK, it’s essential to familiarize yourself with the visa requirements to ensure a hassle-free journey. The requirements vary depending on your nationality, the duration of your stay, and the purpose of your visit. Here’s an overview of the visa requirements for backpacking in the UK:

• Visa-exempt countries: Citizens of certain countries, including the European Union member states, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, do not require a visa for short visits to the UK (up to 6 months). However, it’s important to check the latest information and ensure your passport has at least six months of validity remaining.
• Visitor Visa: If your country is not eligible for visa exemption, or if you plan to stay in the UK for more than 6 months, you’ll need to apply for a Standard Visitor Visa. This visa allows you to explore the UK for tourism purposes, including backpacking. You can apply for the visa online and provide supporting documents, including proof of accommodation, financial stability, and a detailed itinerary.
• Work and Study Visas: If you plan to work or study while backpacking in the UK, you’ll need to apply for a specific visa. These visas have different requirements and application processes, so it’s important to check the official UK government website for the most up-to-date information.

It’s recommended to apply for your visa well in advance of your planned travel dates. Processing times may vary, and it’s important to allow sufficient time for any interviews or additional documentation that may be required.

When entering the UK, make sure to have your valid passport and visa (if required) ready for inspection by immigration officers. They may ask you about the purpose of your visit, your accommodation details, and your financial means to support yourself during your stay.

It’s important to note that visa regulations can change, so it’s always a good idea to check the official UK government website or consult with the nearest UK embassy or consulate in your home country for the most up-to-date and accurate information regarding visa requirements for backpacking in the UK.

By understanding and fulfilling the visa requirements, you can ensure a smooth and legal entry into the UK, allowing you to fully enjoy your backpacking adventure in this captivating country.

 

Budgeting for Backpacking UK

Backpacking in the UK doesn’t have to break the bank, but it’s important to plan your budget carefully to make the most of your trip. The cost of backpacking in the UK can vary depending on factors such as accommodation, transportation, food, and activities. Here are some tips to help you budget for your backpacking adventure:

• Accommodation: Consider staying in budget-friendly options such as hostels, guesthouses, or campsites. These offer affordable accommodation options while allowing you to meet fellow travelers.
• Transportation: Utilize budget transportation options like buses, trains, and budget airlines to get around. Booking in advance or using travel passes can help you save money on transportation costs.
• Food and Drinks: Eating out can be expensive, so consider cooking your own meals using communal kitchen facilities in hostels or preparing picnics with local produce. You can also explore affordable street food options or look for pubs and restaurants that offer daily specials or lunchtime deals.
• Activities: Many attractions in the UK, such as museums, parks, and scenic landscapes, are free to access. Take advantage of these options to explore and enjoy the country without spending a fortune. Look for discounted entry fees or special offers for specific attractions.
• Shopping: Set a budget for souvenirs or personal shopping. Keep in mind that touristy areas may have higher prices, so consider exploring local markets for unique and affordable finds.

It’s also a good idea to have some contingency funds for unexpected expenses or emergencies. Consider including travel insurance in your budget to ensure you’re covered in case of unforeseen circumstances.

As with any budget, it’s essential to track your expenses and adjust as needed. Look for free or low-cost activities and be mindful of unnecessary expenses. Research local deals, discounts, and free events that may be happening during your visit.

Remember, budgeting doesn’t mean missing out on experiences. There are plenty of affordable and rewarding adventures waiting for you in the UK. By planning and budgeting wisely, you can enjoy an amazing backpacking experience without putting too much strain on your wallet.

 

Transportation in the UK

When it comes to getting around the UK during your backpacking adventure, there are several transportation options to consider. From efficient public transportation systems to scenic road trips, here are the main modes of transportation available to travelers:

• Trains: The UK has an extensive railway network that offers convenient and efficient transportation between cities and towns. Train travel is a popular option for backpackers, allowing you to reach your destinations quickly and comfortably. Consider purchasing a Railcard or booking in advance to avail of discounted fares.
• Buses and Coaches: National and regional bus services provide an affordable and flexible means of transportation in the UK. Companies like National Express and Megabus offer connections to various destinations, allowing you to explore the country at a reasonable cost.
• Underground and Urban Transport: Major cities in the UK, including London, have well-developed underground subway systems, making it easy to navigate and explore the city. Additionally, buses, trams, and other urban transport options are available in most cities, providing convenient access to local attractions.
• Car Hire: Renting a car allows for freedom and flexibility, particularly if you plan to explore rural areas or take scenic road trips. Do note that driving in the UK is on the left side of the road, and it’s essential to familiarize yourself with local traffic laws and parking regulations.
• Bicycles and Walking: Many cities and towns in the UK are cyclist and pedestrian-friendly, making walking and cycling excellent options for shorter journeys or exploring local neighborhoods. Consider renting a bicycle or simply enjoy strolling through the charming streets.

When planning your transportation, it’s beneficial to consider the distances between your desired destinations and the most practical and cost-effective modes of travel. Combination tickets, such as coach and train passes, may offer additional savings for longer journeys.

Before boarding any mode of transportation, familiarize yourself with timetables, ticketing options, and any applicable discounts or student fares. You can often find updated information and book tickets online or in-person at transportation stations and tourist offices.

Overall, the UK offers a range of transportation options to suit every backpacker’s needs and preferences. Whether you prefer the convenience of trains or the adventure of a road trip, getting around the UK is relatively easy and accessible, allowing you to make the most of your backpacking experience.

 

Accommodation Options for Backpackers

As a backpacker in the UK, you’ll find a variety of accommodation options that cater to different budgets and preferences. From budget-friendly hostels to unique alternatives, here are some popular choices for backpackers:

• Hostels: Hostels are a common choice for backpackers, offering affordable dormitory-style accommodations with shared facilities such as communal kitchens and common areas. They are a great way to meet fellow travelers and often provide amenities like free Wi-Fi and organized activities.
• Guesthouses and Bed and Breakfasts: Guesthouses and B&Bs are popular options for those seeking a more personal and cozy experience. These accommodations provide private rooms, and some may offer breakfast as part of the stay. Prices can vary, so it’s advisable to research and compare options.
• Campsites: For those who enjoy the great outdoors, camping is a fantastic option. The UK offers numerous campsites, including both basic and fully equipped sites with facilities like showers and cooking areas. This is an ideal choice if you want to explore the countryside or coastal areas.
• Homestays: Staying with a local host allows you to immerse yourself in the local culture and gain a deeper understanding of the destination. Services like Airbnb and homestay websites offer opportunities to book private rooms or apartments in local homes, providing a unique and personalized experience.
• Budget Hotels: While hotels tend to be pricier than other options, there are budget-friendly hotels available throughout the UK. Look for deals and discounts, especially during off-peak seasons, to find affordable stays without compromising comfort.

When choosing your accommodation, consider the location, amenities, and reviews from previous guests. It’s also worth checking if the property offers any additional services, such as laundry facilities, luggage storage, or 24-hour reception.

To ensure availability, it’s recommended to book accommodation in advance, especially during peak travel seasons or when visiting popular tourist destinations. However, if you prefer a more spontaneous approach, you can often find last-minute deals or walk-in availability, especially in larger cities.

Remember to prioritize safety and security when selecting your accommodation. Read reviews, verify the credibility of the booking platform, and trust your instincts. It’s always a good idea to have a lock for your belongings and to keep important documents and valuables secure.

With a wide range of accommodation options available, backpacking in the UK offers something for every traveler. Whether you opt for the social atmosphere of a hostel or the coziness of a guesthouse, your chosen accommodation will provide a comfortable base for your adventures.

 

Top Places to Visit in the UK

The United Kingdom is home to an array of captivating destinations that showcase its rich history, stunning landscapes, and vibrant cultural scene. Here are some top places to visit in the UK that should be on every backpacker’s itinerary:

• London: Start your UK adventure in the vibrant capital city of London. Explore iconic landmarks such as Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and the Tower of London. Immerse yourself in world-class museums, stroll along the River Thames, and experience the bustling atmosphere of Covent Garden and Camden Town.
• Edinburgh: Head north to Scotland’s majestic capital, Edinburgh. Marvel at the historic Edinburgh Castle, stroll along the Royal Mile, and hike up to Arthur’s Seat for panoramic views of the city. Be sure to visit during the Edinburgh Festival in August for a vibrant celebration of arts and culture.
• Stonehenge: Journey to Wiltshire in southern England to witness the enigmatic Stonehenge. This prehistoric wonder is shrouded in mystery, and its imposing stone circle is a must-visit for history enthusiasts and those seeking a mystical experience.
• York: Explore the charming city of York, renowned for its medieval architecture and rich history. Walk along the ancient city walls, visit the majestic York Minster, and wander through the narrow cobbled streets of the Shambles, lined with unique shops and quaint cafes.
• Loch Ness: Venture to the Scottish Highlands and visit the legendary Loch Ness. Whether you believe in the Loch Ness Monster or not, the beauty of the vast lake surrounded by picturesque landscapes is undeniable. Take a boat trip, go hiking, and soak in the tranquility of this iconic Scottish landmark.
• Stratford-upon-Avon: Pay homage to the greatest playwright in history by visiting the birthplace of William Shakespeare. Explore Stratford-upon-Avon, wander through Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, and watch a play at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre.
• Bath: Indulge in the Roman history and architectural beauty of Bath. Visit the ancient Roman Baths, admire the Georgian architecture, and relax in the natural hot springs that have been attracting visitors for centuries.
• Giant’s Causeway: Take a trip to Northern Ireland to witness the awe-inspiring Giant’s Causeway. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is composed of striking hexagonal basalt columns formed by volcanic activity. Allow yourself to be enchanted by the unique beauty of this natural wonder.

These are just a few highlights of the many incredible destinations worth visiting in the UK. Whether you’re drawn to the bustling cities or the peaceful countryside, the UK offers a diverse range of experiences that will leave a lasting impression on your backpacking journey.

 

Exploring the Cities of the UK

The cities of the UK are a treasure trove of history, culture, and vibrant urban life. From the bustling streets of London to the charming towns of Edinburgh and Bath, each city has its own unique character and attractions. Here are some top cities in the UK that are worth exploring during your backpacking adventure:

• London: As the capital city, London is a must-visit destination. Immerse yourself in the captivating blend of old and new as you explore iconic landmarks such as the Tower of London, the British Museum, and the vibrant neighborhoods of Soho and Covent Garden. Don’t forget to experience the city’s thriving food scene and enjoy a traditional afternoon tea.
• Edinburgh: The historic city of Edinburgh is famous for its dramatic castle, stunning architecture, and the annual Edinburgh Festival. Take a stroll along the Royal Mile, visit the charming Old Town and the neoclassical New Town, and hike up to Arthur’s Seat for panoramic views of the city.
• Manchester: Known for its rich industrial heritage and thriving music scene, Manchester offers a vibrant mix of history, culture, and nightlife. Explore the Museum of Science and Industry, visit the iconic Manchester Cathedral, and enjoy live music performances in the numerous pubs and music venues across the city.
• Belfast: The capital of Northern Ireland, Belfast, is a city that has undergone a remarkable transformation. Delve into its troubled history at the Titanic Belfast museum, visit the stunning Belfast City Hall, and explore the vibrant Cathedral Quarter, which is filled with stylish bars, restaurants, and boutique shops.
• York: Step back in time in the medieval city of York. Admire the impressive York Minster, visit the National Railway Museum, and wander through the narrow streets of the historic Shambles. Don’t forget to take a walk along the ancient city walls for panoramic views of the city.
• Cardiff: The capital city of Wales, Cardiff, seamlessly blends modern architecture with historic landmarks. Visit Cardiff Castle, explore the charming waterfront area of Cardiff Bay, and take a stroll through the Victorian-era shopping arcades. Don’t miss the opportunity to attend a rugby match at the Millennium Stadium and experience the city’s vibrant nightlife.

These are just a few examples of the many incredible cities you can explore in the UK. Each city has its own unique atmosphere, attractions, and cultural offerings, ensuring that every stop on your backpacking journey will be filled with exciting discoveries.

Whether you’re seeking history, art, music, or simply want to immerse yourself in the cosmopolitan atmosphere, the cities of the UK will captivate you with their charm and diversity.

 

Outdoor Activities in the UK

The UK is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts, offering a wide range of breathtaking landscapes and thrilling activities for backpackers to enjoy. From hiking in national parks to exploring coastal paths, here are some outdoor activities to consider during your backpacking adventure:

• Hiking and Walking: The UK boasts an abundance of scenic trails and national parks, making it a paradise for hikers. Walk along the rugged coastline of Cornwall’s South West Coast Path, tackle the peak of Snowdon in Wales, or venture into the Scottish Highlands for challenging hikes like the West Highland Way.
• Cycling: With its network of cycle paths and quiet country lanes, the UK is perfect for cycling enthusiasts. Embark on the iconic Land’s End to John O’Groats route, explore the picturesque countryside of the Lake District, or pedal along the beautiful North Coast 500 in Scotland.
• Water Sports: The UK’s coastline and lakes offer plenty of opportunities for water sports. Try your hand at surfing in Cornwall, kayaking on Loch Ness, or paddleboarding along beautiful coastal spots like Pembrokeshire in Wales or the Isle of Skye in Scotland.
• Rock Climbing: Challenge yourself on the diverse rock formations of the UK. The Peak District in England, Snowdonia in Wales, and the Scottish Highlands are popular rock climbing destinations, each providing a unique and exhilarating experience for climbers of all levels.
• Wildlife Watching: The UK is home to a rich variety of wildlife. Visit picturesque nature reserves like the Norfolk Broads to spot rare bird species, observe seals along the coasts of England and Scotland, or embark on a wildlife safari in the Scottish Highlands to encounter majestic red deer and elusive golden eagles.
• Wild Camping: Experience the freedom of wild camping in designated areas, such as Dartmoor National Park or the Scottish wilderness. Check local regulations and leave no trace, ensuring that you respect the environment and preserve the natural beauty for future generations.

Whether you prefer adrenaline-pumping adventures or serene nature encounters, the UK offers outdoor activities for every level of fitness and interest. Before participating in any activity, make sure to research and prepare accordingly, considering safety guidelines, weather conditions, and required equipment.

Regardless of the outdoor activities you choose, always remember to respect and protect the natural environment, leaving no trace and following any guidelines or restrictions set by local authorities. Enjoy your time surrounded by the stunning landscapes of the UK and create unforgettable memories on your backpacking journey.

 

Food and Drinks in the UK

The UK may not be the first country that comes to mind for culinary delights, but it offers a fascinating and diverse food scene that reflects its rich history and multicultural influences. While backpacking in the UK, be sure to try these traditional dishes and beverages:

• Fish and Chips: A quintessential British dish, fish and chips consist of battered and deep-fried fish served with thick-cut chips. Head to a local fish and chip shop for a delicious and satisfying meal.
• Full English Breakfast: Start your day with a hearty full English breakfast. This traditional morning meal typically includes fried eggs, bacon, sausages, black pudding, baked beans, grilled tomatoes, and toast.
• Roast Dinner: On Sundays, many British households sit down to a comforting roast dinner. The centerpiece is often roasted meat (such as beef, lamb, or chicken) served with potatoes, vegetables, Yorkshire pudding, and rich gravy.
• Cornish Pasty: Originating from Cornwall, the Cornish pasty is a hand-held pastry filled with savory ingredients like meat, vegetables, and sometimes cheese. It’s a convenient and tasty meal for a quick bite on the go.
• Afternoon Tea: Indulge in the British tradition of afternoon tea, usually served between 3 pm and 5 pm. Enjoy a selection of finger sandwiches, scones with clotted cream and jam, and a variety of miniature pastries, all accompanied by a pot of tea.
• Scotch Whisky: Scotland is renowned for its whisky production. Take a whisky tour, visit distilleries, and sample a variety of single malt or blended Scotch whiskies to appreciate the craftsmanship and unique flavors.
• Pubs and Real Ales: The UK has a vibrant pub culture, and trying traditional real ales is a must. Explore the local pubs and sample ales like bitter, stout, or pale ale, which are often brewed regionally with rich flavors and distinct character.
• Cider: If you prefer a refreshing and fruity drink, try the wide range of ciders available in the UK. From traditional apple cider to fruity variations like blackcurrant or pear, you’ll find a cider to suit your taste.
• Cream Tea in Devon and Cornwall: When visiting the counties of Devon or Cornwall, treat yourself to a cream tea. Enjoy freshly baked scones topped with clotted cream and strawberry jam, accompanied by a pot of tea.

Additionally, the UK’s multicultural society has brought a wealth of international cuisines to its cities. From Indian curries to Chinese stir-fries, you’ll find diverse options to satisfy your taste buds.

When dining out, bear in mind that tipping in the UK is generally discretionary, but leaving a small tip for good service is appreciated. Also, be aware that tap water is usually provided free of charge in restaurants, so there’s no need to purchase bottled water.

Embrace the opportunity to savor the unique flavors and culinary traditions of the UK during your backpacking journey. From classic comfort foods to international delights, every meal is a chance to discover the country’s diverse gastronomy.

 

Safety Tips for Backpackers in the UK

Backpacking in the UK is generally safe, but it’s important to take some precautions to ensure a smooth and secure journey. By following these safety tips, you can have peace of mind and enjoy your backpacking adventure:

• Stay informed: Research your destinations in advance and stay updated on local news, travel advisories, and any potential risks or warnings. Register with your embassy or consulate for any travel alerts or emergency notifications.
• Secure your belongings: Keep your valuable personal belongings, including passports, money, and electronic devices, secure at all times. Use lockers in hostels, carry a money belt or neck pouch, and be cautious of pickpockets in crowded areas.
• Be cautious in unfamiliar areas: Use common sense and be aware of your surroundings, especially when exploring unfamiliar or busy areas. Stick to well-lit and populated areas, and trust your instincts if a situation seems unsafe.
• Use reliable transportation: Opt for licensed taxis or well-known ride-sharing services when traveling at night. If using public transportation, be mindful of your belongings and be aware of any suspicious behavior.
• Drink responsibly: Be cautious when consuming alcohol, especially in unfamiliar settings or with people you don’t know well. Drink responsibly and be mindful of your limits to ensure your personal safety.
• Follow hiking safety guidelines: If engaging in outdoor activities like hiking, follow the safety guidelines provided for each particular trail. Wear appropriate clothing and footwear, carry essentials like maps, water, and a first aid kit, and inform someone of your plans.
• Stay connected: Have a means of communication, such as a working mobile phone or access to Wi-Fi, to stay connected with fellow backpackers, emergency services, and your accommodation. Share your itinerary with someone trusted.
• Respect local laws and customs: Familiarize yourself with the local laws, customs, and cultural sensitivities of the areas you’re visiting. Show respect for local customs, religions, and traditions to avoid any potential conflicts or misunderstandings.
• Make copies of important documents: Have copies of your passport, visa, travel insurance, and other important travel documents. Keep these copies separate from the originals and have them easily accessible in case of emergencies or loss.

It’s important to remember that emergencies can happen anywhere, so it’s always wise to be prepared. Keep emergency numbers stored on your phone, have a basic knowledge of first aid, and have travel insurance that covers medical emergencies and repatriation if needed.

By following these safety tips and using common sense, you can have a safe and enjoyable backpacking experience in the UK, allowing you to fully embrace the wonders and adventures that await you.

 

Conclusion

Backpacking in the UK is an exciting and rewarding adventure, offering a plethora of historical, cultural, and natural wonders to explore. From the bustling streets of London to the picturesque landscapes of the Scottish Highlands, the UK provides a diverse range of experiences for every backpacker. Throughout your journey, remember to plan ahead, embrace the local culture, and prioritize safety.

From the visa requirements to budgeting tips, this comprehensive guide has provided you with the necessary information to prepare for your backpacking adventure. Whether you’re admiring iconic landmarks, immersing yourself in the local cuisine, or embarking on thrilling outdoor activities, the UK offers something for everyone.

As you venture through the UK, take time to connect with fellow travelers, interact with locals, and fully immerse yourself in the rich heritage and vibrant atmosphere of each destination. Keep an open mind, be respectful of local customs, and be prepared for unexpected surprises along the way.

Remember to capture and cherish the memories you make, whether it’s hiking through breathtaking national parks, enjoying a pint at a local pub, or exploring ancient castles. The UK’s charm and beauty will leave a lasting impression on your journey.

So, pack your backpack, lace up your walking shoes, and embark on an unforgettable adventure through the United Kingdom. Whether you choose to wander through historic cities, hike scenic trails, or indulge in traditional food and drinks, your backpacking experience in the UK is sure to be filled with discovery, growth, and remarkable moments.